The additive effect of metabolic syndrome on left ventricular impairment in patients with obstructive coronary artery disease assessed by 3.0 T cardiac magnetic resonance feature tracking.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) can increase the risk of morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular disease and obstructive coronary artery disease (OCAD), which usually have a poor prognosis. This study aimed to explore the impact of MetS on left ventricular (LV) deformation and function in OCAD patients and investigate the independent factors of impaired LV function and deformation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 121 patients with OCAD and 52 sex- and age-matched controls who underwent cardiac magnetic resonance scanning were enrolled in the study. All OCAD patients were divided into two groups: OCAD with MetS [OCAD(MetS+), n = 83] and OCAD without MetS [OCAD(MetS-), n = 38]. LV functional and global strain parameters were measured and compared among the three groups. Multivariable linear regression analyses were constructed to investigate the independent factors of LV impairment in OCAD patients. Logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were performed to test the prediction efficiency of MetS for LV impairment. RESULTS: From controls to the OCAD(MetS-) group to the OCAD(MetS+) group, LV mass (LVM) increased, and LV global function index (LVGFI) and LV global longitudinal peak strain (GLPS) decreased (all p < 0.05). Compared with the OCAD(MetS-) group, the LV GLPS declined significantly (p = 0.027), the LVM increased (p = 0.006), and the LVGFI decreased (p = 0.043) in the OCAD(MetS+) group. After adjustment for covariates in OCAD patients, MetS was an independent factor of decreased LV GLPS (ß = - 0.211, p = 0.002) and increased LVM (ß = 0.221, p = 0.003). The logistic multivariable regression analysis and ROC analysis showed that combined MetS improved the efficiency of predicting LV GLPS reduction (AUC = 0.88) and LVM (AUC = 0.89) increase. CONCLUSIONS: MetS aggravated the damage of LV deformation and function in OCAD patients and was independently associated with LV deformation and impaired LV strain. Additionally, MetS increased the prediction efficiency of increased LVM and decreased LV GLPS. Early detection and intervention of MetS in patients with OCAD is of great significance.

Left atrial reservoir longitudinal strain and its incremental value to the left ventricular global longitudinal strain in predicting anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity.

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LVGLS) has been recommended by current guidelines for diagnosing anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity. However, little is known about the early changes in left atrial (LA) morphology and function in this population. Our study aimed to evaluate the potential usefulness of LA indices and their incremental value to LVGLS with three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) in the early detection of subclinical cardiotoxicity in patients with lymphoma receiving anthracycline. METHODS: A total of 80 patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma who received six cycles of anthracycline-based treatment were enrolled. Echocardiography was performed at baseline (T0), after four cycles (T1), and after the completion of six cycles of chemotherapy (T2). Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), LVGLS, LA volumes, LA emptying fraction (LAEF), LA active emptying fraction (LAAEF), and LA reservoir longitudinal strain (LASr) were quantified with 3DE. Left atrioventricular global longitudinal strain (LAVGLS) was calculated as the sum of peak LASr and the absolute value of peak LVGLS (LAVGLS = LASr+|LVGLS|). LV cardiotoxicity was defined as a new LVEF reduction by ≥10 percentage points to an LVEF of ≤50%. RESULTS: Fourteen (17.5%) patients developed LV cardiotoxicity at T2. LA volumes, LAEF, and LAAEF remained stable over time. Impairment of LASr (28.35 ± 5.03 vs. 25.04 ± 4.10, p < .001), LVGLS (-22.77 ± 2.45 vs. -20.44 ± 2.62, p < .001), and LAVGLS (51.12 ± 5.63 vs. 45.61 ± 5.22, p < .001) was observed by the end of the fourth cycle of chemotherapy (T1). Statistically significant declines in LVEF (61.30 ± 4.73 vs. 57.08 ± 5.83, p < .001) were only observed at T2. The relative decrease in LASr (ΔLASr), LVGLS (ΔLVGLS), and LAVGLS (ΔLAVGLS) from T0 to T1 were predictors of LV cardiotoxicity. A ΔLASr of >19.75% (sensitivity, 71.4%; specificity, 87.9%; area under the curve (AUC), .842; p < .001), a ΔLVGLS of >13.19% (sensitivity, 78.6%; specificity, 74.2%; AUC, .763; p < .001), and a ΔLAVGLS of >16.80% (sensitivity, 78.6%; specificity, 93.9%; AUC, .905; p < .001) predicted subsequent LV cardiotoxicity at T2, with the AUC of ΔLAVGLS significantly larger than that of ΔLVGLS (.905 vs. .763, p = .027). Compared to ΔLVGLS, ΔLAVGLS showed improved specificity (93.9% vs. 74.2%, p = .002) and maintained sensitivity in predicting LV cardiotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS: LASr could predict anthracycline-induced LV cardiotoxicity with excellent diagnostic performance. Incorporating LASr into LVGLS (LAVGLS) led to a significantly improved specificity and maintained sensitivity in predicting LV cardiotoxicity.

The effect of hyperlipidemia and body fat distribution on subclinical left ventricular function in obesity: a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is often associated with multiple comorbidities. However, whether obese subjects with hyperlipidemia in the absence of other complications have worse cardiac indices than metabolically healthy obese subjects is unclear. Therefore, we aimed to determine the effect of hyperlipidemia on subclinical left ventricular (LV) function in obesity and to evaluate the association of cardiac parameters with body fat distribution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-two adults were recruited and divided into 3 groups: obesity with hyperlipidemia (n = 24, 14 males), obesity without hyperlipidemia (n = 25, 13 males), and c ntrols (n = 43, 25 males). LV strain parameters (peak strain (PS), peak diastolic strain rate (PDSR), peak systolic strain rate) derived from cardiovascular magnetic resonance tissue tracking were measured and compared. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometer was used to measure body fat distribution. Correlations of hyperlipidemia and body fat distribution with LV strain were assessed by multivariable linear regression. RESULTS: Obese individuals with preserved LV ejection fraction showed lower global LV longitudinal, circumferential, and radial PS and longitudinal and circumferential PDSR than controls (all P < 0.05). Among obese patients, those with hyperlipidemia had lower longitudinal PS and PDSR and circumferential PDSR than those without hyperlipidemia (- 12.8 ± 2.9% vs. - 14.2 ± 2.7%, 0.8 ± 0.1 s-1 vs. 0.9 ± 0.3 s-1, 1.2 ± 0.2 s-1 vs. 1.4 ± 0.2 s-1; all P < 0.05). Multivariable linear regression demonstrated that hyperlipidemia was independently associated with circumferential PDSR (ß = - 0.477, P < 0.05) in obesity after controlling for growth differences, other cardiovascular risk factors, and central fat distribution. In addition, android fat had an independently negative relationship with longitudinal and radial PS (ß = - 0.486 and ß = - 0.408, respectively; all P < 0.05); and visceral fat was negatively associated with longitudinal PDSR (ß = - 0.563, P < 0.05). Differently, gynoid fat was positively correlated with circumferential PS and PDSR and radial PDSR (ß = 0.490, ß = 0.481, and ß = 0.413, respectively; all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Hyperlipidemia is independently associated with subclinical LV diastolic dysfunction in obesity. Central fat distribution (android and visceral fat) has a negative association, while peripheral fat distribution (gynoid fat) has a positive association on subclinical LV function. These results suggest that appropriate management of hyperlipidemia may be beneficial for obese patients, and that the differentiation of fat distribution in different regions may facilitate the precise management of obese patients. Clinical trials registration Effect of lifestyle intervention on metabolism of obese patients based on smart phone software (ChiCTR1900026476).

Outcomes of subsequent pregnancy in women with peripartum cardiomyopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: The primary concern for women who have experienced peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is the safety of a subsequent pregnancy (SSP). To maximie decision-making, facilitate effective patient counselling, and ultimately improve maternal and fetal outcomes as a whole, it is critical to comprehend the outcomes of SSP in women who have previously experienced PPCM. This study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of SSP in women with PPCM. METHODS: Three databases (PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect) were used to identify relevant studies prior to 17 October 2023. A total of 662 studies were reviewed. Following the abstract and full-text screenings, 18 observational studies were included, out of which 2 were deemed suitable for inclusion in this meta-analysis. The quality assessment was conducted using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. RESULTS: This study has a total of 487 SSPs. Although recovered left ventricular (LV) function before entering SSP has the potential to be a beneficial prognostic factor, recovered LV function still has a substantial risk of relapse. The mortality rate of PPCM in an SSP ranged from 0% to 55.5%. Persistent LV dysfunction was significantly associated with an increased mortality rate (OR 13.17; 95% CI 1.54 to 112.28; p=0.02) and lower LV ejection fraction (MD -12.88; 95% CI -21.67 to -4.09; p=0.004). Diastolic and right ventricular functions remained unchanged before SSP and at follow-up. The majority of the SSP was observed alongside hypertension, while pre-eclampsia emerged as the predominant hypertensive complication in most studies. CONCLUSION: SSP increases the risk of relapse and mortality in women with a previous history of PPCM. Persistent LV dysfunction prior to the SSP has a higher mortality risk compared with recovered LV function. SSP was also associated with the worsening of LV echocardiography parameters.

Left ventricular strain changes at high altitude in rats: a cardiac magnetic resonance tissue tracking imaging study.

BACKGROUND: Long-term exposure to a high altitude environment with low pressure and low oxygen could cause abnormalities in the structure and function of the heart. Myocardial strain is a sensitive indicator for assessing myocardial dysfunction, monitoring myocardial strain is of great significance for the early diagnosis and treatment of high altitude heart-related diseases. This study applies cardiac magnetic resonance tissue tracking technology (CMR-TT) to evaluate the changes in left ventricular myocardial function and structure in rats in high altitude environment. METHODS: 6-week-old male rats were randomized into plateau hypoxia rats (plateau group, n = 21) as the experimental group and plain rats (plain group, n = 10) as the control group. plateau group rats were transported from Chengdu (altitude: 360 m), a city in a plateau located in southwestern China, to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (altitude: 3850 m), Yushu, China, and then fed for 12 weeks there, while plain group rats were fed in Chengdu(altitude: 360 m), China. Using 7.0 T cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) to evaluate the left ventricular ejection fraction (EF), end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV) and stroke volume (SV), as well as myocardial strain parameters including the peak global longitudinal (GLS), radial (GRS), and circumferential strain (GCS). The rats were euthanized and a myocardial biopsy was obtained after the magnetic resonance imaging scan. RESULTS: The plateau rats showed more lower left ventricular GLS and GRS (P < 0.05) than the plain rats. However, there was no statistically significant difference in left ventricular EDV, ESV, SV, EF and GCS compared to the plain rats (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: After 12 weeks of exposure to high altitude low-pressure hypoxia environment, the left ventricular global strain was partially decreased and myocardium is damaged, while the whole heart ejection fraction was still preserved, the myocardial strain was more sensitive than the ejection fraction in monitoring cardiac function.

Left ventricular diastolic function in atrial fibrillation: Methodological implications and clinical considerations.

The assessment of LVDD is routinely included in echocardiographic evaluation because it correlates with cardiac disease progression and its prognostic value. Classic parameters used for assessing LV diastolic function correlate well with invasive measurements which remains the gold standard. Nevertheless, no one echocardiographic parameter alone can completely evaluate LVDD. LV diastolic function evaluation in atrial fibrillation is still challenging, since the E/A ratio, one of the most used parameters in echocardiographic evaluation, cannot be feasible. This is not a good reason to give up measurement. In this review, we analyze the different methods for estimating LV diastolic function in atrial fibrillation, including measurement not dependent on atrial systole and some novel methods that are promising, but not ever available during clinical practice highlighting that this assessment is mandatory for a complete clinical evaluation of the patients.

Limitations of Diagnosis of Ischemic Left Ventricular Dysfunction Using the Values of Strain, Twist and Untwist in Patients With Myocardial Infarction of Various Localization.

AIM: To compare capabilities for diagnosing regional and global myocardial dysfunction using the values of longitudinal and circular strain, left ventricular (LV) torsion and untwisting in patients with myocardial infarction (MI) of various locations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients included in the study (n=121) were divided into three groups: patients with unstable angina (n=30), patients with anterior MI (n=45), and patients with inferior MI (n=46). Clinical, laboratory and instrumental test were performed, including echocardiography. For a quantitative analysis of LV contractility, the maximum systolic peaks of regional and global longitudinal and circular strain, systolic and diastolic rotation, LV torsion and untwisting were measured. RESULTS: Anterior MI was characterized by injury of the LV apical segments, while inferior MI was characterized by injury of the basal segments. In anterior MI, the longitudinal strain was reduced less than 14.5% and circular strain less than 19.3% in the apical segment of the LV anteroseptal wall (ASW). In akinesia of the LV ASW apical segment, longitudinal and circular strains were reduced less than 10%. The magnitude of the circular strain of the LV ASW apical segment (diagnostic threshold 19.3%, sensitivity (Se) 87%, specificity (Sp) 90%) was superior to that of the longitudinal strain as a diagnostic marker for regional ischemic dysfunction in anterior MI. The magnitude of the circular strain of the basal segment of the LV inferior wall in inferior MI has a greater diagnostic value for identifying regional systolic dysfunction than the value of the longitudinal strain of this LV segment. The diagnostic threshold was 17.3%, Se 79%, Sp 80%. CONCLUSION: A decrease in the circular strain of the LV ASW less than 19.3% in the LV apical segment is more specific (Sp 90%) for diagnosing regional systolic dysfunction in anterior MI than a decrease in longitudinal strain. A circular strain value of less than 17.3% in the basal segment of the LV inferior wall is more specific (Sp 80%) than the longitudinal strain of this segment for diagnosing regional systolic dysfunction in inferior MI. Predominant injury to the LV apex in anterior MI can cause systolic and diastolic myocardial dysfunction, which is manifested by a decrease in LV circular deformation, torsion and untwisting.

Non-invasive assessment of left ventricular filling pressure in aortic stenosis.

BACKGROUND: The assessment of left ventricular (LV) filling pressure (FP) is important for the management of aortic stenosis (AS) patients. Although, it is often restricted for predict LV FP in AS because of mitral annular calcification and a certain left ventricular hypertrophy. Thus, we tested the predictive ability of the algorithm for elevated LV FP in AS patients and also applied a recently-proposed echocardiographic scoring system of LV FP, visually assessed time difference between the mitral valve and tricuspid valve opening (VMT) score. METHODS: We enrolled consecutive 116 patients with at least moderate AS in sinus rhythm who underwent right heart catheterization and echocardiography within 7 days. Mean pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) was measured as invasive parameter of LV FP. LV diastolic dysfunction (DD) was graded according to the ASE/EACVI guidelines. The VMT score was defined as follows: time sequence of opening of mitral and tricuspid valves was scored to 0-2 (0: tricuspid valve first, 1: simultaneous, 2: mitral valve first). When the inferior vena cava was dilated, one point was added and VMT score was finally calculated as 0-3. RESULTS: Of the 116 patients, 29 patients showed elevated PAWP. Ninety patients (93%) and 67 patients (63%) showed increased values for left atrium volume index (LAVI) and E/e', respectively when the cut-off values recommended by the guidelines were applied and thus the algorism predicted elevated PAWP with a low specificity and positive predictive value (PPV). VMT ≥ 2 predicted elevated PAWP with a sensitivity of 59%, specificity of 90%, PPV of 59%, and negative predictive value of 89%. An alternative algorithm that applied tricuspid regurgitation velocity and VMT scores was tested, and its predictive ability was markedly improved. CONCLUSION: VMT score was applicable for AS patients. Alternative use of VMT score improved diagnostic accuracy of guideline-recommended algorism.

Assessment of subclinical left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus under follow-up at Tikur Anbessa specialized hospital, Ethiopia: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with diabetes mellitus are at increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, which in turn are the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in the diabetic population. A peculiar feature of cardiovascular diseases in this population is that they can have significant cardiac disease while remaining asymptomatic. There is a paucity of data regarding subclinical cardiac imaging features among diabetic adults in Africa, particularly in Ethiopia. This study was conducted to compare the magnitude and spectrum of left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction among asymptomatic type 2 diabetic adults versus a normotensive, non-diabetic control group and to evaluate the determinants of left ventricular diastolic and systolic dysfunction. METHODS: This was a case-control study conducted at Tikur Anbessa specialized hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A standard transthoracic echocardiography was done for all study participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus and their normotensive and non-diabetic controls. Structured questionnaires were used to collect demographic and clinical characteristics and laboratory test results. Statistical analysis was done using the SPSS 25.0 software. The data was summarized using descriptive statistics. Bivariate and multivariate analysis was performed to determine the association between variables and echocardiographic parameters. The strength of statistical association was measured by adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals, with significant differences taken at p < 0.05. RESULTS: We analyzed age- and sex-matched 100 participants in the study (diabetic) group and 200 individuals in the control group. Left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction were significantly more prevalent among diabetic adults than their sex and age matched controls. Among diabetic individuals, ages of 60 years and above, dyslipidemia, use of Metformin and Glibenclamide, high serum triglyceride level, presence of neuropathy and use of statins correlated significantly with the presence of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Chronic kidney disease and neuropathy were determinants of left ventricular systolic dysfunction. CONCLUSION: Left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction were significantly more prevalent among diabetic patients than their sex- and age-matched controls in our study. We recommend early screening for subclinical left ventricular dysfunction, especially in the elderly and in those with chronic kidney disease, dyslipidemia, and microvascular complications such as neuropathy.

Evaluation of the Relationship Between Vitamin D Deficiency and Subclinical Cardiac Dysfunction Using 2D/3D Strain Echocardiography in Healthy People.

AIM: Vitamin D deficiency has a high prevalence in the population and is highly associated with cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate subclinical left ventricular (LV) function using strain analysis in healthy individuals with vitamin D deficiency. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 113 healthy volunteers were enrolled in the study (age, 44.1±7 yrs, 34 male). All volunteers underwent two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) speckle tracking echocardiography after conventional echocardiographic evaluation. The subjects were divided into two groups according to their vitamin D concentrations. 61 subjects with vitamin D less than 20 ng / ml were included in the vitamin D deficiency group. The baseline clinical characteristics, laboratory measurements, echocardiographic data, including 2D and 3D global longitudinal strain (GLS) values, were compared between the groups. RESULTS: The 2D GLS values of the subjects with vitamin D deficiency were lower (mathematically less negative) than subjects with normal vitamin D (-16.1±3.4 vs -19.3±4.2, p<0.001). Similarly, the 3D GLS results were lower in subjects with vitamin D deficiency (-18.3±5.2 vs -24.1±6.9, p<0.001). A significant correlation was detected between the vitamin D concentrations and the 2D and 3D GLS measurements. (r=0.765 and r=0.628, respectively, p<0.001). Vitamin D was found to be an independent predictor of impaired 2D and 3D LV GLS (p=0.031, p=0.023, respectively). CONCLUSION: Subclinical LV dysfunction in healthy individuals with vitamin D deficiency was demonstrated by 3D and 2D strain analysis. Due to potential negative effects of vitamin D deficiency on cardiac function, more attention should be paid to healthy individuals with vitamin D deficiency.

The association between the severity of erectile dysfunction and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in patients with and without cardiovascular disease.

PURPOSE: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is considered a microvascular disorder and serves as an indicator for the potential development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) reflects early myocardial damage caused by microvascular disorders, the association between ED and LVDD remains poorly elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 123 patients with ED. They underwent RigiScan, and conventional echocardiography, and attempted International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire. ED severity was evaluated by measuring changes in the penile base circumference and duration of penile rigidity (≥70%) during erection. The early diastolic velocity of mitral inflow (E) and early diastolic velocity of the mitral annulus (e') were measured using echocardiography. The patients were grouped based on the presence of CVD. RESULTS: Among 123 patients, 29 had CVD and 94 did not. Patients with CVD exhibited more pronounced ED and more severe LVDD. Associations between increased penile circumference with echocardiographic parameters were more prominent in patients with CVD than in those without CVD (ΔTtop and e' wave, r=0.508 and r=0.282, respectively, p for interaction=0.033; ΔTbase and E/e' ratio, r=-0.338 and r=-0.293, respectively, p for interaction <0.001). In the multivariate linear regression, the increase of penile base circumference was an independent risk factor for LVDD (e', B=0.503; E/e' ratio, B=-1.416, respectively, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: ED severity correlated well with LV diastolic dysfunction, particularly in the presence of CVD. This study highlighted the potential role of ED assessment as early indicator of CVD development.

Prognostic Implications of Left Atrial Strain in Bicuspid Aortic Valve With Chronic Aortic Regurgitation.

BACKGROUND: Left atrial reservoir strain (LARS) is a novel imaging biomarker of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. This study aimed to examine the prognostic implications of LARS in patients with bicuspid aortic valve and significant (moderate-severe to severe) aortic regurgitation. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 220 patients with bicuspid aortic valve and significant aortic regurgitation were prospectively enrolled in our study. LARS and left ventricular global longitudinal strain were derived from speckle-tracking echocardiography. The end point was a composite of all-cause mortality, heart failure hospitalization, and aortic valve repair or replacement. The threshold value of LARS <24% was used to identify impaired left atrial mechanics based on prior results. During a median follow-up of 364 (interquartile range, 294-752) days, 46 patients (20.9%) reached the composite end points. On multivariable Cox analysis, impaired LARS (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.08 [95% CI, 1.05-4.11]; P=0.036) was a statistically significant predictor of composite end points after adjustment for other statistically significant predictors. Finally, adding impaired LARS to other statistically significant predictors (New York Heart Association functional class and left ventricular global longitudinal strain) significantly improved the global χ2 (from 32.19 to 36.56; P=0.037) and reclassification (continuous net reclassification index=0.55; P<0.001) of the prediction model. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with bicuspid aortic valve and significant aortic regurgitation, the impairment of LARS is a strong independent prognostic predictor and confers incremental prognostic utility over clinical and other echocardiographic parameters. These findings suggest that LARS could be considered in risk stratification for such populations.

Association of epicardial adipose tissue with early structural and functional cardiac changes in Type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Dysregulated epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) may contribute to the development of heart failure in Type 2 diabetes (T2D). This study aimed to evaluate the associations between EAT volume and composition with imaging markers of subclinical cardiac dysfunction in people with T2D and no prevalent cardiovascular disease. METHODS: Prospective case-control study enrolling participants with and without T2D and no known cardiovascular disease. Two hundred and fifteen people with T2D (median age 63 years, 60 % male) and thirty-nine non-diabetics (median age 59 years, 62 % male) were included. Using computed tomography (CT), total EAT volume and mean CT attenuation, as well as, low attenuation (Hounsfield unit range -190 to -90) EAT volume were quantified by a deep learning method and volumes indexed to body surface area. Associations with cardiac magnetic resonance-derived left ventricular (LV) volumes and strain indices were assessed using linear regression. RESULTS: T2D participants had higher LV mass/volume ratio (median 0.89 g/mL [0.82-0.99] vs 0.79 g/mL [0.75-0.89]) and lower global longitudinal strain (GLS; 16.1 ± 2.3 % vs 17.2 ± 2.2 %). Total indexed EAT volume correlated inversely with mean CT attenuation. Low attenuation indexed EAT volume was 2-fold higher (18.8 cm3/m2 vs. 9.4 cm3/m2, p < 0.001) in T2D and independently associated with LV mass/volume ratio (ß = 0.002, p = 0.01) and GLS (ß = -0.03, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Higher EAT volumes seen in T2D are associated with a lower mean CT attenuation. Low attenuation indexed EAT volume is independently, but only weakly, associated with markers of subclinical cardiac dysfunction in T2D.

The role of diabetic foot treatment in improving left ventricular function: Insights from global longitudinal strain echocardiography.

We decided to evaluate the effect of treatment of diabetic foot ulcers in improving heart function by strain echocardiography than conventional transthoracic echocardiography. This prospective cross-sectional study included patients with diabetic foot ulcer (DFU). Conventional and two-dimensional strain echocardiography performed before and after three months diabetic foot treatment. Then, we compared the echocardiographic parameters including left ventricular ejection fraction (LV-EF), left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LV-GLS). Multivariate and univariate logistic regression analysis were performed to find which variable was mainly associated with LV-GLS changes. 62 patients with DFU were conducted. After echocardiography, all patients underwent surgical or non-surgical treatments. Three months after the treatment, LV-EF was not significantly different with its' primary values (P = 0.250), but LV-GLS became significantly different (P<0.05). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, with the increase in the grade of ulcer, LV-GLS improved by 6.3 times. Not only the treatment of DFU helps to control adverse outcomes like infection, limb loss and morbidity but also it enhances cardiac function. Of note, strain echocardiography found to be a better indicator of myocardial dysfunction than LV-EF. These findings make a strong reason for the routine assessment of cardiac function in patients with DFU.

Assessment of myocardial strain patterns in patients with left bundle branch block using cardiac magnetic resonance.

Recently, a classification with four types of septal longitudinal strain patterns was described using echocardiography, suggesting a pathophysiological continuum of left bundle branch block (LBBB)-induced left ventricle (LV) remodeling. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of classifying these strain patterns using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), and to evaluate their association with LV remodeling and myocardial scar. Single center registry included LBBB patients with septal flash (SF) referred to CMR to assess the cause of LV systolic dysfunction. Semi-automated feature-tracking cardiac resonance (FT-CMR) was used to quantify myocardial strain and detect the four strain patterns. A total of 115 patients were studied (age 66 ± 11 years, 57% men, 28% with ischemic heart disease). In longitudinal strain analysis, 23 patients (20%) were classified in stage LBBB-1, 37 (32.1%) in LBBB-2, 25 (21.7%) in LBBB-3, and 30 (26%) in LBBB-4. Patients at higher stages had more prominent septal flash, higher LV volumes, lower LV ejection fraction, and lower absolute strain values (p < 0.05 for all). Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) was found in 55% of the patients (n = 63). No differences were found between the strain patterns regarding the presence, distribution or location of LGE. Among patients with LBBB, there was a good association between strain patterns assessed by FT-CMR analysis and the degree of LV remodeling and LV dysfunction. This association seems to be independent from the presence and distribution of LGE.

Pediatric ECG-Based Deep Learning to Predict Left Ventricular Dysfunction and Remodeling.

BACKGROUND: Artificial intelligence-enhanced ECG analysis shows promise to detect ventricular dysfunction and remodeling in adult populations. However, its application to pediatric populations remains underexplored. METHODS: A convolutional neural network was trained on paired ECG-echocardiograms (≤2 days apart) from patients ≤18 years of age without major congenital heart disease to detect human expert-classified greater than mild left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, hypertrophy, and dilation (individually and as a composite outcome). Model performance was evaluated on single ECG-echocardiogram pairs per patient at Boston Children's Hospital and externally at Mount Sinai Hospital using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and area under the precision-recall curve (AUPRC). RESULTS: The training cohort comprised 92 377 ECG-echocardiogram pairs (46 261 patients; median age, 8.2 years). Test groups included internal testing (12 631 patients; median age, 8.8 years; 4.6% composite outcomes), emergency department (2830 patients; median age, 7.7 years; 10.0% composite outcomes), and external validation (5088 patients; median age, 4.3 years; 6.1% composite outcomes) cohorts. Model performance was similar on internal test and emergency department cohorts, with model predictions of LV hypertrophy outperforming the pediatric cardiologist expert benchmark. Adding age and sex to the model added no benefit to model performance. When using quantitative outcome cutoffs, model performance was similar between internal testing (composite outcome: AUROC, 0.88, AUPRC, 0.43; LV dysfunction: AUROC, 0.92, AUPRC, 0.23; LV hypertrophy: AUROC, 0.88, AUPRC, 0.28; LV dilation: AUROC, 0.91, AUPRC, 0.47) and external validation (composite outcome: AUROC, 0.86, AUPRC, 0.39; LV dysfunction: AUROC, 0.94, AUPRC, 0.32; LV hypertrophy: AUROC, 0.84, AUPRC, 0.25; LV dilation: AUROC, 0.87, AUPRC, 0.33), with composite outcome negative predictive values of 99.0% and 99.2%, respectively. Saliency mapping highlighted ECG components that influenced model predictions (precordial QRS complexes for all outcomes; T waves for LV dysfunction). High-risk ECG features include lateral T-wave inversion (LV dysfunction), deep S waves in V1 and V2 and tall R waves in V6 (LV hypertrophy), and tall R waves in V4 through V6 (LV dilation). CONCLUSIONS: This externally validated algorithm shows promise to inexpensively screen for LV dysfunction and remodeling in children, which may facilitate improved access to care by democratizing the expertise of pediatric cardiologists.

Left atrial and left ventricular strain dynamics with echocardiography in asymptomatic children with mitral regurgitation.

Left atrial (LA) dilatation is a strong predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Strain parameters evaluating LA functions have gained importance in assessing cardiovascular health. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between LA and left ventricular (LV) strain, using speckle-tracking echocardiography, and assess the impact of vena contracta on LV functioning in asymptomatic children with mitral regurgitation. We evaluated 45 asymptomatic mitral regurgitation patients, categorized as mild, moderate, and severe. LV strain was significantly lower in the moderate group (-17.8 ± 3.7%) and further reduced in the severe group (16 ± 2.1%) compared to the reference group (20.5 ± 6.2%). Conversely, LA reservoir strain was higher in the severe and moderate groups (38 ± 12.9% and 40.7 ± 9.5%, respectively) compared to the controls (31.3 ± 7.5%; p < 0.0001). The severe group also displayed a milder depression of contraction (12.2%) compared to the moderate group (13 ± 7.2%). In the moderate and severe groups, LV strain correlated significantly with vena contracta (r=-0.858; p = 0.04), with vena contracta emerging as the only independent predictor for LV longitudinal strain. ROC curve analysis indicated a cut-off value > 5.65 mm for vena contracta, which had a positive predictive value of 75% for predicting LV function impairment. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the significance of assessing LA and ventricular strain in asymptomatic children with mitral regurgitation. Furthermore, vena contracta with diameters greater than 5.6 mm may alert clinicians to the possibility of LV function impairment. These findings offer valuable insights for the follow-up and management of paediatric patients with mitral regurgitation, enabling early detection of potential complications and improved patient outcomes.

Resting strain analysis to identify myocardial ischemia in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with higher incidence of cardiovascular death. Screening for coronary artery disease in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients is challenging. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the incremental value of resting deformation analysis in predicting positive results for myocardial ischemia during stress transthoracic echocardiography in patients with end-stage CKD. METHODS: Sixty-one patients (mean age: 62.3 ± 11.8, 65.7% men) with end-stage CKD were included in the study. Patients underwent a resting transthoracic echocardiogram and a dobutamine stress contrast echo (DSE) protocol. Positive results of DSE were defined as stress-induced left ventricular (LV) wall motion abnormalities. RESULTS: The study cohort had normal or mildly impaired systolic function: mean LV ejection fraction (EF) was 49.2% (±10.4) and mean LV global longitudinal strain (GLS) was 14.4% (±4.5). Half of our population had impaired left atrial (LA) strain: mean LA reservoir, conduit, and contractile reserve were 24.1% (±12.6), 10.6% (±5.9), and 13.6% (±9.2), respectively. DSE was positive for ischemia in 55.7%. A significant negative association with DSE results was found for LV EF, LV GLS and the conduit phase of LA strain. Both LV and LA dimensions showed positive correlation with presence of ischemia in DSE. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that LV GLS was independently associated with DSE (p = 0.007), after controlling for covariates, with high diagnostic accuracy. CONCLUSION: Resting LV deformation could predict positive results during DSE, thus may be useful to better identify renal patients who might benefit from coronary artery screening.

Echocardiographic Myocardial Work: A Novel Method to Assess Left Ventricular Function in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease and Diabetes Mellitus.

Myocardial ischemia caused by coronary artery disease (CAD) and the presence of metabolic abnormalities and microvascular impairments detected in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are a common cause of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. Transthoracic echocardiography is the most-used, non-invasive imaging method for the assessment of myocardial contractility. The accurate evaluation of LV function is crucial for identifying patients who are at high risk or may have worse outcomes. Myocardial work (MW) is emerging as an alternative tool for the evaluation of LV systolic function, providing additional information on cardiac performance when compared to conventional parameters such as left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and global longitudinal strain (GLS) because it incorporates deformation and load into its analysis. The potential of MW in various conditions is promising and it has gained increased attention. However, larger studies are necessary to further investigate its role and application before giving an answer to the question of whether it can have widespread implementation into clinical practice. The aim of this review is to summarize the actual knowledge of MW for the analysis of LV dysfunction caused by myocardial ischemia and hyperglycemia.